How Chemical Bonding Influences Drug Action in Pharmacy

Abstract

Chemical bonding plays a fundamental role in determining how drugs interact with biological systems and produce therapeutic effects. The nature, strength, and specificity of chemical bonds between a drug molecule and its biological target—such as receptors, enzymes, ion channels, or nucleic acids—directly influence drug efficacy, selectivity, onset of action, and duration of effect. Both covalent and non-covalent interactions govern drug–target binding, while intermolecular forces affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. This paper elaborates on how chemical bonding influences drug action in pharmacy, emphasizing the relationship between molecular structure, binding interactions, and pharmacological response. Understanding these principles is essential for rational drug design, optimization, and safe clinical use.